How an Extended Response Item Can Enhance Learning

How an Extended Response Item Can Enhance Learning Extended response items have traditionally been called essay questions. An extended response item is an open-ended question that begins with some type of prompt. These questions allow students to write a response that arrives at a conclusion based on their specific knowledge of the topic. An extended response item takes considerable time and thought. It requires students not only to give an answer but also to explain the answer with as much in-depth detail as possible. In some cases, students not only have to give an answer and explain the answer, but they also have to show how they arrived at that answer. Teachers love extended response items because they require students to construct an in-depth response that proves mastery or lack thereof. Teachers can then utilize this information to reteach gap concepts or build upon individual student strengths. Extended response items require students to demonstrate a higher depth of knowledge than they would need on a multiple choice item. Guessing is almost completely eliminated with an extended response item.  A student either knows the information well enough to write about it or they do not. Extended response items also are a great way to assess and teach students grammar and writing. Students must be strong writers as an extended response item also tests a students ability to write coherently and grammatically correct. Extended response items require essential critical thinking skills. An essay, in a sense, is a riddle that students can solve using prior knowledge, making connections, and drawing conclusions.  This is an invaluable skill for any student to have. Those who can master it have a better chance of being successful academically.  Any student who can successfully solve problems and craft well-written explanations of their solutions will be at the top of their class.   Extended response items do have their shortcomings. They are not teacher friendly in that they are difficult to construct and score.  Extended response items take a lot of valuable time to develop and grade.  Additionally, they are difficult to score accurately.  It can become difficult for teachers to remain objective when scoring an extended response item. Each student has a completely different response, and teachers must read the entire response looking for evidence that proves mastery. For this reason, teachers must develop an accurate rubric and follow it when scoring any extended response item. An extended response assessment takes more time for students to complete than a multiple choice assessment.  Students must first organize the information and construct a plan before they can actually begin responding to the item.  This time-consuming process can take multiple class periods to complete depending on the specific nature of the item itself. Extended response items can be constructed in more than one way. It can be passage-based, meaning that students are provided with one or more passages on a specific topic. This information can help them formulate a more thoughtful response. The student must utilize evidence from the passages to formulate and validate their response on the extended response item.  The more traditional method is a straightforward, open-ended question on a topic or unit that has been covered in class.  Students are not given a passage to assist them in constructing a response but instead must draw from memory their direct knowledge on the topic. Teachers must remember that formulating a well written extended response is a skill in itself.  Though they can be a great assessment tool, teachers must be prepared to spend the time to teach students how to write a formidable essay.  This is not a skill that comes without hard work.  Teachers must provide students with the multiple skills that are required to write successfully including sentence and paragraph structure, using proper grammar, pre-writing activities, editing, and revising.  Teaching these skills must become part of the expected classroom routine for students to become proficient writers.

The Geography of Detroits Decline

The Geography of Detroit's Decline During the mid-20th century, Detroit was the fourth largest city in the United States with a population of over 1.85 million people. It was a thriving metropolis that embodied the American Dream - a land of opportunity and growth. Today, Detroit has become a symbol of urban decay. Detroits infrastructure is crumbling and the city is operating at $300 million dollars short of municipal sustainability. It is now the crime capital of America, with 7 out of 10 crimes unsolved. More than a million people have left the city since its prominent fifties. There is a multitude of reasons as to why Detroit fell apart, but all the fundamental causes are rooted in geography. Demographic Shift The rapid shift in Detroits demographics led to racial hostility. Social tensions were further perpetuated when many desegregation policies were signed into law in the 1950s, forcing residents to integrate. For years, violent racial riots engulfed the city, but the most destructive one occurred on Sunday, July 23, 1967. A police confrontation with patrons at a local unlicensed bar sparked a five-day riot that left 43 dead, 467 injured, 7,200 arrests and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed. The violence and destruction only ended when the National Guard and Army were ordered to intervene. Shortly after this 12th street riot, many residents started to flee the city, particularly the whites. They moved out by the thousands into neighboring suburbs such as Royal Oak, Ferndale, and Auburn Hills. By 2010, whites only made up 10.6% of Detroits population. The Size Detroit is particularly difficult to maintain because its residents are so spread out. There is too much infrastructure relative to the level of demand. This means large sections of the city are left unused and unrepaired. A scattered population also means law, fire, and emergency medical personnel have to travel greater distances on average to provide care. Moreover, since Detroit has experienced consistent capital exodus for the past forty years, the city is unable to afford an adequate public service workforce. This has caused crime to skyrocket, which further encouraged rapid out-migration. Industry Many of Americas older cities faced a de-industrialization crisis starting in the 1970s, but most of them were able to establish an urban resurgence. The success of cities like Minneapolis and Boston is reflected on their high number of college graduates (over 43%) and their entrepreneurial spirit. In many ways, the success of the Big Three inadvertently restricted entrepreneurship in Detroit. With the high wages earned on the assembly lines, workers had little reason to pursue higher education. This, in conjunction with the city having to reduce the number of teachers and after-school programs due to declining tax revenues, has caused Detroit to fall behind in academics. Today, only 18% of Detroit adults have a college degree (versus a national average of 27%), and the city is also struggling to control the brain drain. Ford Motor Company no longer has a factory in Detroit, but General Motors and Chrysler still do, and the city remains dependent on them. However, for a large portion of the 1990s and early 2000s, the Big Three did not react well to changing market demands. Consumers started to shift from power-driven automotive muscle to more stylish and fuel-efficient vehicles. The American automakers struggled against their foreign counterparts both domestically and internationally. All three companies were on the verge of bankruptcy and their financial distress was reflected on Detroit. Public Transportation Infrastructure Unlike their neighbors Chicago and Toronto, Detroit never developed a subway, trolley, or intricate bus system. The only light rail the city has is its People Mover, which only encircles 2.9-miles of the downtown area. It has a single set of track and only runs in one direction. Although designed to move up to 15 million riders a year, it only serves 2 million. The People Mover is considered an ineffective rail, costing taxpayers $12 million annually to operate. The biggest problem with not having a sophisticated public infrastructure is that it promotes sprawl. Since so many people in the Motor City owned a car, they all moved away, opting to live in the suburbs and just commuting to downtown for work. Additionally, as people moved out, businesses eventually followed, leading to even fewer opportunities in this once great city. References Okrent, Daniel (2009). Detroit: The Death- and Possible Life- of a Great City. Retrieved from: time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1926017-1,00.htmlGlaeser, Edward (2011). Detroits Decline and the Folly of Light Rail. Retrieved from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704050204576218884253373312.html

Not sure yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Not sure yet - Essay Example rg) who are believers of the Marxist ideology, thus the maoist are practitioners of dialectic materialism; a theory which abhors capitalism and condemns private ownership of businesses (Marxist Internet Archive). The situation in Nyland is a power tussle between the existing democratic government and the moist who are gradually gaining power. Domestic terrorism is widely prevalent in Nyland and this is a serious threat to GEIL’s business interest in the region. The forthcoming elections in Nyland will be a deciding factor for determination of GEIL’s continued existence in Nyland. In event of success of maoist party in the forthcoming elections; the likely hood of development of an unfavorable business environment seems highly predictable. The threats to GEIL’s business interest in Nyland have already become evident due to some recent events. There have been reported cases of staff members being intimidated by political activists which has caused wide spread fear among staff members resulting in decreased productivity and rise in attrition rate. The local management at Nyland has reported receiving request from local goons for donations in exchange of protection; this has further accentuated the situation creating a feeling of insecurity throughout the organization. There have also been reports of militants infiltrating the unions; this news is particularly distressing as it may lead to worsening of the business environment which may result in a situation where management may cease to have any form of control over workers and staff members. In view of the situation it seems highly feasible that top management of GEIL seriously consider the future of its enterprise in Nyland. Under prevailing circumstances the need for the CEO to visit Nyland is justifiable since important decisions have to be made regarding the future of GEIL in Nyland. The company will have to make key strategies with regards to its investments in Nyland with due consideration of the

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

India - Essay Example The modern and internet technology have opened up new marketplaces that allow us to conduct and promote businesses to new cultures and geographic locations (Vilanilam 39). In order to understand the importance of individual cultural values, beliefs and attitudes, this paper will discuss the about how India as a country communicates in business setting and leisure setting. India is a South Asian country and is the second-most populous country and the seventh-largest country by area. It is a multi-ethnic, multilingual, and pluralistic society. It is home to two major families of language: Indo-Aryan, which is spoken by about 74 percent of the country’s population, and Dravidian spoken by about 24 percent of the country’s population (Singh 12). It has no national language but Hindi, which is spoken, by the largest number of speakers is the official government language. English is extensively used in administration and business and has the â€Å"subsidiary official languag e† status, and it is an important medium of education in the country (Vilanilam 64). Indian culture is one of the richest and oldest and it spans over 4,500 years. Indian culture is founded on Hindu mythology, literature, and philosophy, as well as many practices and beliefs that still exist presently including moksa, karma, dharma, and yoga. India has religious diversity with major religions including Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism, Islam, and Sikhism. It is important to note that Hinduism is the predominant religion in the country. India is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse places in the world; its diverse cultures are a product of numerous migration waves over thousands of years (Storti 27). Considering the ethnic, cultural, religious, and linguistic nature of the Indian society, it is important to understand the importance of individual cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes and how the country communicates in business setting and leisure setting. For com munication purposes, one should understand the hierarchical nature of the Indian society, which demands that the employer or the boss is recognized as the highest individual in authority within a business setting (Vilanilam 101). As such, one should aim at those in the highest authority position when establishing contacts because decisions are only made at that level. This may also be evidenced by the fact that subordinates may be reluctant in accepting responsibility during communication. In addition, one should understand that while communicating in business and leisure setting, establishment of relationships in the Indian society is very important (Singh 77). Often, in the Indian society friendship forms the basis for business and leisure activities. Indian people are often reluctant to do business with strangers and therefore it is important for one to establish relationships directly or indirectly by making contact through intermediaries before engaging in any meaningful busine ss or leisure interaction and activities. In business and even in leisure setting one should take plenty of time in building up trust before starting off. It is also important that one maintain harmony, and try as much as possible to avoid confrontation and conflict during discussions (Storti 95). While in business setting and leisure setting, one should consider other cultural aspects during communication. For example, while Indians appreciate punctuality, they

1984 by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

1984 by George Orwell Essay â€Å"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him† . In such a way â€Å"1984† by George Orwell starts. From the very first lines the author tires to set necessary atmosphere. Actually, the main point of the book is Orwell’s idea of personal freedom and how this freedom is defined throughout the book. The author presents the existence of doublethink, ultimate power in society and government along with absence of free thought and liberty. It is necessary to admit that the book is famous author’s ability to create tension and for finding original way of expressing ideas and thoughts. The book is one of the most famous dystopias because it illustrates real life, real living conditions and opportunities. George Orwell provides descriptions of future paying special attention to human face, human predetermination and human fate fighting every person from pessimistic misanthropes to the idealistic optimists. See more: My Writing Process Essay Orwell tells a story of a solitary Winston Smith who works in the Ministry of Truth. The main idea is that everything is functioning under the pressure of totalitarian world. Smith is a member of a leading party of the state, whereas Orwell underlines that only one part exists. In such a way Orwell shows that the only party provides guidance and control of all aspects of human life including even the most intimate thoughts. Smith’s job speaks for itself –Winston is assigned to provide changes to past records to make them match party wishes. Social culture is treated as â€Å"doublethink† meaning that presence of two conflicting facts opposes party’s ideology. Every citizen should support general party philosophy enabling English Socialism to subsume the essence of different thinking and to provide full control. Winston Smith thinks about liberty and freedom of though, though he realizes that he is simply a middle-aged man having no ties. His mind is full of dangerous thoughts and inside he is willing to struggle in order to reconcile events taking place around him. Actually, he remains the only unsettled person being interested in human rights and personal dignity. He thinks people should fight for what he feels proper and right. Te concept of doublethink must be eliminated, though Winston is personally weak to be able to rebel. It is necessary to note that it is the author who wants to speak to readers via his main character. Winston is trying to warn people of what may come in near future: â€Å"For whom, it suddenly occurred to him to wonder, was he writing this story? For the future, for the unborn. His mind hovered for a moment round the doubtful date on the page, and then fetched up with a bump against the Newspeak word doublethink. either the future would resemble the present, in which case it would not listen to him: or it would be different from it, and his predicament would be meaningless? † When Smith makes an elicit contact with a fellow party worker Julia, he feels he is ready to confront. Nevertheless, the power of the book is not simply in social theory provide, but rather in detailed descriptions of thoughts of main character. The author skillfully writes about party’s claims: â€Å"But simultaneously, true to the principles of doublethink, the Party taught that proles were natural inferiors who must be kept in subjection, like animals, by the application of a few simple rules †. When the main charter is firstly introduced, he is presented a thought criminal whose story is premised on that leap. Orwell allows following Smith’s life, to share his job, his objections to instructions. Also readers have an excellent opportunity to observe his love affairs and strange romance with Julia. Main hero is outrageous with established set of order and he says Julia: â€Å"I hate purity, I hate goodness! † Speaking about strong points, the book is brilliantly written, well-structured. The author writes with a rhythm vividly expressing his ideas. Development of Winston Smith creates empathy. Possibly, the strongest moment is the last half of the book when Orwell provides answers to the questions of interest. When Smith reads a book about how the leading party remains in power, he is interested why? party provides such discriminative and unfair policy towards society. When he asks O’Brien, he is answered as bluntly as possible that power should be achieved and retained for the sake of the power. The author vividly portrays Winston’s disappointment stating that society is confronted by absolute power being confident of its own immortality and universality. He thinks of Big Brother realizing that this program is confronted because of promoting sex crimes and proliferation. Nevertheless, the weak points are present as well. Actually, the last half of the book, despite being full of sense and explanations, appears not so interesting compared with the beginning. The author continues illustrating new fascinating ideas and images, though the whole story comes to a crashing halt. Apparently, long descriptions of dry book about political theory makes readers boring and dull. When Smith appears under tortures, the author fails to create intensive atmosphere. Possibly, the book becomes too familiar and the fact that Smith fails to confront social order is disappointing. The next moment is that the society of Big Brother is too idyllically presented to support man’s resistance. However, the author improves the situation after releasing Winston. The best piece of the book is re-union of Winston and Julia. The book is relevant to modern society and political philosophy because it aims at expanding existing knowledge of totalitarian ideologies. The author sheds light on the lives of common people with no ties comparing their opportunities with that of the absolute power being practiced by party members. The author provides detailed overview of totalitarian ideology exploring its deepest corners.

Essay --

Hunter Reagan Mrs. Paschall Honors English IV 30 October 2013 The Good Guy Rules In the work The Road by Cormac McCarthy a father and son struggle to survive in a post-apocalyptic world with evil surrounding them. They always refer to themselves as, â€Å"The good guys,† (McCarthy 66) and try to not become evil. They see things like cannibalism as evil, and would rather go hungry than succumb to this evil. The father constantly tries to keep the child’s eyes away from the gruesome scenes that characterize this environment. When thinking of themselves as the good guys they keep from doing any wrong. Erik J. Wielenberg puts it best when he lists the rules of the good guys. He lists them as follows: "1. Don’t eat people. 2. Don’t steal. 3. Don’t lie. 4. Keep your promises. 5. Help others. 6. Never give up." (Wielenberg 4). All of these rules also have Biblical implications behind them. These rules are taught by the father to his son. Although the father does not always follow them. The father has a hard time following rule five, "Help others." The Biblical reasoning for this rule is, "And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise" (King James Version, Luke 6.31). The child continuously wishes to help all people that don’t seem to be bad guys. At one point the man and his son find a man that was struck by lightning the child questions, â€Å"Cant we help him? Papa?† (McCarthy 25). The father doesn’t want to give him any help. This conflict is exemplified when the child and father run into a man named "Ely." The man seems weary of the man as shown when it is said, "He looked up the road and down. If this is an ambush he goes first, he said." (McCarthy 83). The child follows the rules better than the man as shown whe... ...s son live by seven rules that make them the good guys. They do what they have to do to survive, without compromising their morals. They are the epitome of a light shining in the darkness. The conflict of the father and son’s polar opposite personalities is exemplified when looking at how they feel about the rules. The child has ease with following every rule but number six, whereas the father has trouble with every rule but number six. This shows that maybe the characters complete each other. This also shows that maybe the son is better cut out for living in this kind of world than his father is. That fact shows that the father taught the child correctly. â€Æ' Works Sited "Bible Gateway." BibleGateway.com: A Searchable Online Bible in over 100 Versions and 50 Languages. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. McCarthy, Cormac. The road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Print. Essay -- Hunter Reagan Mrs. Paschall Honors English IV 30 October 2013 The Good Guy Rules In the work The Road by Cormac McCarthy a father and son struggle to survive in a post-apocalyptic world with evil surrounding them. They always refer to themselves as, â€Å"The good guys,† (McCarthy 66) and try to not become evil. They see things like cannibalism as evil, and would rather go hungry than succumb to this evil. The father constantly tries to keep the child’s eyes away from the gruesome scenes that characterize this environment. When thinking of themselves as the good guys they keep from doing any wrong. Erik J. Wielenberg puts it best when he lists the rules of the good guys. He lists them as follows: "1. Don’t eat people. 2. Don’t steal. 3. Don’t lie. 4. Keep your promises. 5. Help others. 6. Never give up." (Wielenberg 4). All of these rules also have Biblical implications behind them. These rules are taught by the father to his son. Although the father does not always follow them. The father has a hard time following rule five, "Help others." The Biblical reasoning for this rule is, "And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise" (King James Version, Luke 6.31). The child continuously wishes to help all people that don’t seem to be bad guys. At one point the man and his son find a man that was struck by lightning the child questions, â€Å"Cant we help him? Papa?† (McCarthy 25). The father doesn’t want to give him any help. This conflict is exemplified when the child and father run into a man named "Ely." The man seems weary of the man as shown when it is said, "He looked up the road and down. If this is an ambush he goes first, he said." (McCarthy 83). The child follows the rules better than the man as shown whe... ...s son live by seven rules that make them the good guys. They do what they have to do to survive, without compromising their morals. They are the epitome of a light shining in the darkness. The conflict of the father and son’s polar opposite personalities is exemplified when looking at how they feel about the rules. The child has ease with following every rule but number six, whereas the father has trouble with every rule but number six. This shows that maybe the characters complete each other. This also shows that maybe the son is better cut out for living in this kind of world than his father is. That fact shows that the father taught the child correctly. â€Æ' Works Sited "Bible Gateway." BibleGateway.com: A Searchable Online Bible in over 100 Versions and 50 Languages. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. McCarthy, Cormac. The road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Print.

Pearson Us History Review Questions Essay

1. In the United States, the significant change represented by the Supreme Court’s decisions concerning Dred Scott (1857) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) best illustrates the * ability of government to revise tax laws. * desire of minority groups to be recognized. * disappearance of prejudice and discrimination. * continuing struggle of African Americans to achieve equality. 2. The United States Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) was important because it * strengthened the determination of abolitionists to achieve their goals. * caused the immediate outbreak of the Civil War. * ended the importation of slaves into the United States. * increased the power of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories. 3. Which issues were controversial in national politics during the period 1800–1850? * racial prejudice, territorial expansion, immigration policy * tariff policy, nullification, rights of neutrals * regulation of railroads, overseas acquisitions, federal income tax policy * states’ rights policy, control of the Northwest Territory, recognition of United States independence by France 4. Which statement best reflects the political philosophy of Alexander Hamilton regarding the power of a federal government? * The government which governs least governs best. * The central government should cede most of its authority to local governments. * The government may exercise all powers necessary and proper to meet its responsibilities. * The executive branch may exercise only those powers specifically given to it by the Supreme Court. 5. The executive branch of the United States government has traditionally gained power during periods when * the presidency has been occupied by a high-ranking military officer. * the Republican Party was in the majority in Congress and the President was a Democrat. * there has been a serious domestic or international problem facing the United States. * the Supreme Court and Congress have been in conflict over constitutional issues. 6. Actions and policies of the government under President George Washington generally resulted in the * establishment of strong political ties with other nations. * liberation of many enslaved persons. * failure to create a sound financial program for the country. * strengthening of the federal government. 7. The significance of the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) is that it * established the principle of judicial review. * declared the Alien and Sedition Acts to be legitimate laws. * demonstrated the supremacy of the national government over the states. * attempted to place the judiciary outside the impeachment power of the House of Representatives. 8. Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court * stimulated the States rights movement by supporting the idea that states could reject acts of Congress. * helped create a sense of national unity by strengthening the federal government. * weakened the judiciary by refusing to deal with controversial issues. * became heavily involved in foreign affairs. 9. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established mainly because the United States wanted to * keep control of Alaska and Hawaii.   * establish more colonies in Latin America. * support England’s attempt to keep its empire in Central America. * warn Europe against any further colonization in Latin America. 10. Which means for redressing grievances is applicable to American Indians but is usually not applicable to other minority groups? nonviolent marches to draw attention to injustices equal educational and employment opportunity laws   * economic boycott of all products manufactured in the United States * collective lawsuits to recover ancestral lands 11. Adherence to a strict interpretation of the Constitution would have prevented President Thomas Jefferson from * making the Louisiana Purchase. * writing the â€Å"State of the Union† messages. * receiving ambassadors. * commissioning military officers. 12. In the United States, third-party movements occur most often when * there is clear danger of foreign attack. * the President is inconsistent in foreign policy. * major political parties ignore vital public interests. * interests in overseas trade and possessions intensifies. 13. The main goal of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was to * obtain equal rights for women. * make the public aware of environmental problems.   * correct the abuses of big business.   * organize the first labor union in the United States. 14. Once an amendment has been added to the United States Constitution, which process must be used to change that amendment? * ratifying a new amendment   * convincing states to ignore the amendment   * having Congress pass a law repealing the amendment   * having the President issue an executive order canceling the amendment 15. During the period 1820–1860, the major concerns in the United States dealt with issues related to * determining the future of slavery. * increasing public funding of political campaigns. * decreasing the number of elective offices. * decreasing voter registration drives. 16. The constitutional amendment reading: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.† restricted the * reserved powers of the States. * delegated powers of Congress. * powers assumed by the Supreme Court. * powers retained by the people. 17. Before the Civil War, one example of increased democracy was the * elimination of property ownership as a requirement for voting in national elections. * granting of the right to vote to women. * elimination of the electoral college system for electing the President. * extension of suffrage to most African Americans. 18. In 1794, President George Washington sent Federal troops into western Pennsylvania to deal with an uprising known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The significance of President Washington’s action is that it * strengthened the power of local and state governments. * forced Congress to pass the Bill of Rights. * showed the strength of the Federal Government under the Constitution. * weakened the power of the Federal Government to collect sales taxes. 19. Which statement about the westward movement in the United States during the nineteenth century is most accurate? * The frontier discouraged interest in the expansion of voting rights. * The frontier experience tended to decrease social class difference. * Western expansion slowed the rate of industrialization. * The West was settled mostly by immigrants from Asian nations. 20. At the beginning of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln maintained that the war was being fought to * uphold national honor. * prevent foreign involvement.   * free all slaves.   * preserve the Union. 21. In the period between 1820 and 1860, Southerners wanted slavery extended to the Western territories so that the South could * continue to elect Southern Presidents.   * continue to dominate the Supreme Court.   * keep enough strength in the Senate to protect Southern interests. * use slave labor to expand Southern industries. 22. A similarity between the pre-Civil War abolitionist movement and the Progressive movement is that both * were mainly concerned with improving the status of African Americans. * worked to reduce income taxes. * contributed directly to the start of a major war.   * sought to improve the conditions of poor or oppressed peoples. 23. In the United States, the widespread disregard of the fugitive slave laws and of the Prohibition laws most clearly indicated that * strongly held values are difficult to regulate. * the federal government is generally unable to enforce its own laws. * little respect is given to the legal system.   * the judicial system is too lenient in its treatment of offenders. 24. Alexander Hamilton believed that a major role of the Federal Government was to * establish and control public schools. * support and encourage business and industry. * promote the superiority of the agrarian way of life. * limit its activities by allowing the states to make important national decisions. 25. Which statement about the results of the Civil War is most accurate? * Federal supremacy was strengthened.* Constitutional government was proven ineffective.   * Universal suffrage was generally accepted.   * Sectional disputes ceased to exist. 26. Alexander Hamilton’s argument that the government has the power to create a National Bank is based on which part of the Constitution? * the Preamble * the elastic clause * guarantees to the States * the Bill of Rights 27. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall was similar to the Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in that both * strengthened the power and influence of business. * increased the President’s war powers. * changed public policy through broad interpretation of the Constitution. * increased the rights of the accused under the fifth and sixth amendments. 28. In the United States during the late 1780s, the Federalists were most likely to support * continued loyalty to the British Government. * establishment of a weak national government. * strengthening of States rights. * ratification of the United States Constitution. 29. The tariff issue of 1828, the secession of the Southern states in the 1860s, and school desegregation in the 1950s dealt with the constitutional issue of * the federal-state relationship. * popular sovereignty. * checks and balances. * representation in Congress. 30. The legal basis for the United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory was the * power granted to the President to make treaties. * President’s power as Commander in Chief. * authority of Congress to declare war. * Senate’s duty to approve the appointment of ambassadors. 31. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were best noted for their struggle to * prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol. * abolish slavery. * secure the right of women to vote. * expose government corruption. 32. The reason for ending the importation of enslaved persons to the United States after 1807 was the * success of the American colonial revolution against Britain. * rapid industrialization of the South. * replacement of slave labor by immigrant workers from eastern Europe. * passage of legislation that forbids the practice. 33. The power relationship that changed most as a result of the Civil War was the increase in the power of the * individual over the state. * military over the civilian population. * Congress over the President. * Federal Government over the states. 34. Which event was the immediate cause of the secession of several Southern states from the Union in 1860? * the Dred Scott decision, which declared that all prior compromises on the extension of slavery into the territories were unconstitutional * the Missouri Compromise, which kept an even balance between the number of free and slave states * the raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, which was led by the militant abolitionist John Brown * the election of President Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the spread of slavery into the territories 35. Which long-term tradition finally became part of the United States Constitution through an amendment? * the two-party system* the appointment of a Presidential Cabinet   * restricting the President to two terms of office * the election of Federal judges

A Magazine Article for creative writing

George Bernard Shaw once said that ‘A perpetual holiday is a good working definition of hell'. I'm here to analyse whether this is true. He could have meant that a holiday from work or school forever would be hell but I like to think and therefore I'm testing out the theory of actually moving to a place that was once your favourite holiday destination. Will that place still hold all the carefree, luxurious magic that it does when you escape there for a few weeks of rest and relaxation, or will paying tax and contributing to the debate about what time the village lights should be turned off kill that magic for you? My favourite holiday destination was always Roquecor in the south of France. A tiny hilltop village near Toulouse, far from the coast and in the rural mainland. I have been visiting since I was a little girl and to me it always represented peace and happiness. For that one or two weeks a year I was free, even at four years old I think I loved the segregation from daily nursery and weekly ballet lessons. As I got older that feeling of escapism grew, particularly depending on the unfolding dramas affecting my life at different times. People are now saying this trip I am embarking on, taking the plunge of escaping abroad is just that; escaping. I will confirm now that this is all in the name of journalism but I know that deep down I am hoping for the reassuring joy and tranquillity that I experienced annually on holiday in Roquecor, but is that all it's supposed to be, a holiday? The day of departure arrived much sooner than I had anticipated. All my affairs were in order, my accommodation sorted out. I had opted for a beautiful maisonette as there would only be me and my boyfriend, Adam, going out there. He has decided to come indefinitely, quite possibly for good if the dream lives up to all that is anticipated. He was won over by the lure of cheap wine, French bread and better weather. As an aficionado of the French language and a trained teacher, he has managed to wangle his was into being the English teacher at the local primary school. My job as a journalist is highly mobile and I will continue to pursue with this career and also start work on my novel. On the way to the airport I think about all the things that I'll miss and the things I won't; fresh milk, re-runs of The Vicar of Dibley and Blackadder, and London yobs (which obviously falls into the latter category). Then suddenly I realise, and it shocks me that I haven't thought of it before. Not only am I emigrating abroad but I'm swapping a vibrant city for a remote village. Suddenly my mind swims with things that I will miss and with the realisation that even the overcrowded underground in the middle of summer becomes something I yearn for, well almost. The maisonette is delightful, full of charm and character. It is on the main street through the village but it is nothing like the main roads in England. It is a small ‘rue' with flower baskets hanging on every house and the traditional shutters adorning them. It is the ‘tour de guet' the watchtower to the village that is ours. Basically it is the gatehouse, the first house on the road into the village however we will only occupy the top part of the five story house which we enter straight from the road as the rest on the house continues down into the hill and a sloping path reaches the front door at the bottom for the other tenants. Inside the property is quintessentially French and when you open the windows in the back room you easily have the most breathtaking view you could imagine. You are on the top of a cliff with nothing but countryside and fields full of bright yellow sunflowers. We unpack and decorate the property with our personal touches, all we can do seeing as it is ready furnished. A celebratory gin and tonic is rapidly concocted from the supplies in the larder and we head out to the terrace at the front of the house. Beautiful, sun kissed French children hurriedly skip up the hill talking excitedly of their fathers boar hunting trip. They abruptedly stop when they see our pale inquisitive faces, whisper to each other for a moment and then give us broad grins and a chorus of ‘Salut! ‘ rings around us. I grin back at them, then grin at Adam and realise that I have grinned like this for a long time. Will I continue grinning like this? Only time will tell and so for now I'm going to go and enjoy, as they say, the first day of the rest of my life.

Discuss the extract Essays

Discuss the extract Essays Discuss the extract Essay Discuss the extract Essay Examine the passage beginning Yossarian looked at him and ending with if hes got flies in his eyes (p52). Discuss the extract, examining the issues it raises and how Heller treats them here and elsewhere in the novel. In Orwells prophetic Nineteen Eighty Four, OBrien presents an anti-realist perspective on truth and mankinds understanding of reality. His claim to dictate truth1 by defining it verbally, impinging upon Winstons interpretation of events, is suggestive of a certain pliability to truth.3851This philosophy of subjectivism is similarly directly relevant to Catch 22 that, while set in history, is significantly set on an island that could obviously not accommodate all of the actions2. Both the incredulity of many arguments in the novel, and its imprecise, ephemeral setting concur with the notion that events represent a microcosm of the modern world. Furthermore, as in Nineteen Eighty-Four, they also demonstrate an anti-realist approach to truth that inevitably leads to the manipulation of logic, a manipulation that is encapsulated in the elusive form of Catch 22.This transcendent quality to both events and logic permeates the narrative and is perhaps clearest in the erratic structure of the novel. In adopting this Heller seeks to make the text reflect the events that are portrayed within it. The shift between Yossarian discussing Catch 22 with Doc Daneeka and the catch 22 situation of the flies Orr saw in Applebys eyes* exemplifies this seemingly random development of the plot, with different strands of the novel only being revealed in a haphazard fashion..Similarly, the change in diction and syntax within the extract from Yossarian seeming simplistic and inquisit ive, to the ambiguity of spinning reasonableness, seems to seek to confuse. In the explanation of catch 22, the narrative becomes distinctly convoluted and, at times verbose, perhaps therefore reflecting the illogicality and confusion generated by that which it seeks to explain. G. Hicks reflects that the disjointed chronology means that the reader becomes a little dizzy and this aligns the reader with the disjointed nature of the soldiers lives.Moreover, while the majority of chapters begin by orderly focusing on their namesake, this structure soon degenerates in a pattern that, crucially, is recurrent until the final few chapters. Not only does this narrative style seem consistent and indeed indicative of the seeming illogicality of characters such as Orr, and events such as his practice crash landings, the dramatic change to chronological prose in the later chapters directly reflects the climax of depravity that is portrayed at that stage, in the night that was filled with horror s3.In the same way as the consistently unstable structure of the narrative and syntax, (of that illustrated in the extract) is suddenly changed in Chapter 39, so too does Yossarians perspective alter as the novel develops. The juxtaposition of his respectful whistle? with his later cursing for there was no object or text to rip to shreds, trample upon or burn up4 acutely emphasises Yossarians appeal for an objective morality in a world determined by the subjective logic of Catch 22.This sense of horror is directly derived from the fact that initially Yossarian saw the catch in terms of its perfect pairs of parts*, as a clever intellectual trick, it is at this stage ephemeral and distant in its elliptical precision. Here the diction is ambiguous and yet scientific, as perhaps the reflection upon its spinning reasonableness illustrates best. This oxymoron is applicable here because the catch is approached in an intellectual and not practical way.The conjunction with the nonsensical fl ies in Applebys eyes further detaches the cause, Catch 22, from the effect that is described so vividly later in the novel. This initial conversation about the catch, the narrative of which contains no information about the physical location of the characters, contrasts sharply with the rich description of physical characteristics of Rome where insipid mist lay swollen the air5. Instead of alluding to the catchs value as an ideal like good modern art*, the later similes graphically describe tomblike streets, and yellow bulbs that sizzled in the dampness like wet torches6.This dramatic shift to a narrative that is crudely littered with adjectives, can be seen as representative of the physical effect of Catch 22 so that nothing warped seemed bizarre any more. It is here that shocking* gritty realism eclipses the graceful intellectualism that is catch 22. This shift does initially seem sudden, however if read closely, the extract does perhaps subtly allude to this. Yossarians admirati on for the perfect pair of parts highlights the catch as a clever intellectual trick that is effective, rather as in Nineteen Eighty Four, because people believe that it exists.This alliteration delivers the catch as a device employed with little care for the individual human by conveying a sense of scientific precision. It is this sterile and scientific aspect of Catch 22 that Yossarian admires and, by doing so, reveals its vacuous nature as merely trick of logic. This point is further reinforced by the immediate discussion of the flies in Applebys eyes. While the statement is clearly ludicrous, its internal consistency means that it cannot be wholly dismissed, therefore acting as a parody to satirise the possible manipulation of logic that is equally evident in the previous discussion of Catch 22.Yossarians subsequent reflection that it made as much sense as anything else7, can perhaps be seen as a further ironic indictment of the similar faults of both examples within the extract , rather the apathy that it initially appears to connote. While both in the extract and novel the pliability of logic is highlighted, the primary medium for this exposi? is through outlining falsehood in the war. It is here that the critique becomes truly satirical.The use of Catch 22 to suppress the men attempting to evade duty reflects the manipulative nature of figures such as Cathcart, however the analysis of Appleby reveals lines that are more poignant. Throughout the novel Appleby both believes in and represents the American Way of Life8. Names, perhaps epitomised by the fact that Major Major is indeed a Major, are very much representative of the character. Rather as Dickenss characters are almost caricatured by names such as Gradgrind and Uriah Heap being indicative of their actions, so too can Appleby be seen as having overtones of a simple American.This in turn sharply contrasts with the Assyrian name of Yossarian that is perhaps suggestive of his stronger awareness of pers onal concerns and safety. This point has particular relevance when seen in conjunction with Orrs questioning of Applebys sense and logically in that how can he see hes got flies in his eyes if hes got flies in his eyes? * While the complexity of the sentence mirrors the actual nonsensical nature of the conversation, it can also be seen to allude to the blinding influence of patriotism, highlighting the fact that it is perhaps as illogical as the arguments of Yossarian that the Army seeks to dismiss.While the manipulation of logic by the Army to form Catch 22 does overtly criticise the mechanisms of war, it would be wrong to suggest the novel explicitly attacks War de facto. The novel was seized upon for its anti war slant during the Vietnam war, however to view it as solely serving this purpose is but a naive appreciation of the text. Aspects of war are directly satirised, as through Milos immoral capitalist opportunism. This is as a result of the exposi? of other vices such as immo rality and in particular, the abuse of logic.Catch 22 is not a stereotypical novel that goes from the sublime to the ridiculous but instead illustrates abuses of logic by employing the ridiculous. Heller achieves this, as with the flies in Applebys eyes, by taking metaphors to the level of hyperbolic absurdities to exemplify the manipulation of logic that is Catch 22. The text is littered with such examples, exemplifying the process that leads to Yossarians eventual confrontation of the realities in the night that was filled with horrors in Rome.R. Kelly.Bibliography Catch 22 Corgi Press (1955) Heller, Joseph Seiden, Melvin. The Hero and His War. The Nation, (1961) Hicks, Granville. Medals for Madness. Saturday Review, (1961) Karl, F. R. , American Fictions (1983) Orwell, George Nineteen Eighty Four (1992) Atwood, Margaret The Handmaids Tale, Vintage(1996) Dickens, Charles Little Dorrit, Penguin Books (1981) 1 1984, p. 2 Prologue to Catch 22 3 435 ? Quotes from extract will be den oted by * 4 p. 432 5 p. 432 6 p. 435 7 p. 55.

Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry

Alkoxide Definition in Chemistry An alkoxide is an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an hydroxyl group of an alcohol when reacted with a metal. It is the conjugate base of an alcohol. Alkoxides have the formula RO- where R is the organic substituent from the alcohol. Alkoxides are strong bases and good ligands (when R is relatively small). Generally, alkoxides are unstable in protic solvents, but they do occur as reaction intermediates. Transition metal alkoxides are used as catalysts and to prepare coatings. Key Takeaways: Alkoxide An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Example Sodium reacting with methanol (CH3OH) reacts to form the alkoxide sodium methoxide (CH3NaO). Preparation There are several reactions with alcohol that produce alkoxides. They may be made by reacting an alcohol with a reducing metal (e.g., any of the alkali metals), by reaction with an electrophilic chloride (e.g., titanium tetrachloride), using electrochemistry, or via a metathesis reaction between a sodium alkoxide and a metal chloride. Alkoxide Key Takeaways An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an acid.In a chemical reaction, an alkoxide is written as RO-, where R is the organic group.An alkoxide is a type of strong base. Sources Boyd, Robert Neilson; Morrison, Robert Thornton (1992). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780136436690.Bradley, Don C.; Mehrotra, Ram C.; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.Turova, Nataliya Y.; Turevskaya, Evgeniya P.; Kessler, Vadim G.; Yanovskaya, Maria I. (2002). The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 9780792375210.Williamson, Alexander (1850). Theory of Ætherification. Phil. Mag. 37 (251): 350–356. doi:10.1080/14786445008646627

Crimes against the elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crimes against the elderly - Research Paper Example The vulnerability of its members sets this section of the population apart from other age groups that are also concerned about crime. Going out at night alone; walking alone; living alone; traveling unfamiliar routes alone; doing their banking; inside or outside at automated teller machines; going to and from parking lots to do their shopping. Even doing something as simple as answering their telephones (Montague, 2009). Scores of the crimes committed against the elderly are signs of what is happening to the population in general. While many kinds of crime could involve any age group, a few categories, frauds and scams, pick pocketing, purse snatching, theft of checks from the mail and crimes in long-term care settings are committed more to the older than younger victims, AARP studies have indicated in a recent survey. Reports of brutal crimes multiply fast through the mature community and affect that section of the population dramatically. Although statistics show that brutal crime against the elderly is uncommon as compared to other age groups, many older people pose great fear of physical harm. The crimes committed against the elderly are discussed below. The first type of crime is property crime. This involves invasion of an elderly person’s living house and destroying his/her possessions, which may lead to economical and emotional destruction. Sometimes the loss of possessions may not be as destructive as the feeling of insecurity in those living houses after the incident (U.S. Department of Justice, 2008). The other type of crime is frauds and swindles against the elderly. Loss of money can be serious for anyone with limited financial possessions, but for many older individuals, it can be more devastating. Some of the elderly people are even at higher risks to fraudulent schemes than the younger groups. While it is not easy to draw general conclusions, various combinations of factors contribute to victimization,

Problems a Writer Might Face in Conducting Research on Cockney Dialect Essay

Problems a Writer Might Face in Conducting Research on Cockney Dialect of London using Questionnaires - Essay Example As a result of research it was suggested that creating works on linguistics presents an unusual challenge, as it requires one-to-one interactions with the community under study. A second challenge comes in the nature of quantifying some data element, which exhibit more qualitative elements that quantitative elements. Therefore, writers find the use of research methods indispensable when undertaking any writing project. The use of statistical methods to conduct research helps in making the final work a reliable and accurate account on the subject area the writing undertaking covers. In linguistic research, the writing must reflect factual accuracy to the highest possible level. For instance, in the research of the Cockney dialect in London, an efficient method is necessary to unveil the overriding elements of the special linguistic elements of London residents. The study of linguistics requires qualitative research methods rather than quantitative methods. Consequently, the use of qua litative research methods is of primary importance. With the use of questionnaires, qualitative data is collectable on unique subjects that present special challenges to other forms of research methodologies. Questionnaire research is a proven and reliable method in social research of this nature, and is the method this essay explores in trying to decipher possible problems the method might present to a writer doing research on Cockney in London. Introduction Questionnaires are some of the most hardy research tools in use for collection of information from respondents. Principally a questionnaire consists of a number of questions, which probe the chosen sources of information for a final and comprehensive analysis. The questionnaire is a Sir Francis Galton’s invention (Mellenbergh, 212). Cockney is a unique accent of the English language common in residents of East London. Many analysts argue that the term Cockney bears both geographical and linguistic implications. This stud y emphasizes on Cockney in its linguistic identity (the English spoken by residents of the geographical region of East London). Cockney as a cultural and linguistic identity articulates a long and rich history. In addition, the subject arouses controversies and debates as to its authenticity. Over time, the definition of who constitutes a Cockney resident and who does not is now debatable. Consequently, numerous researches with the sole purpose to unravel the mystery surrounding the ancient and yet still vivid etymological group are available. Using questionnaires in data collection, this report seeks to identify some of the possible problems that a researcher might face in the course of conducting research on the Cockney language among East Londoners. Designing a Questionnaire The intimate understanding as to the nature of the research subject underlies the secret to formulating an effective questionnaire. The design of the questions in the questionnaires varies according to the pa rameters under measurement (University Sheffield, 1). For instance, some questionnaires measure separate variables, for example personal preferences, social behaviors or factual realities. Other kinds of questionnaires measure scale or index in a topical area of study, for instance observable traits, social attitudes, or indices on social issues and categories. For questionnaires to deliver optimum results, their design, and flow of the questions must exhibit a logical flow and a seamless interconnectedness. For closed-ended questions, it is imperative to ensure that the answers are exhaustive and unambiguous. Types of Questionnaires There are four types of questionnaires: structured non-disguised questionnaire, structured disguised questionnaire, non-structured non-disguised questionnaires, and non-structured disguised questionnaires (University Sheffield, 1). In non-disguised questionnaires, the respondent knows beforehand the purpose of the study, unlike